"4"
"Many organs affect the different"
"parts of the blood as it circulates."
"Which of the below has LEAST to do"
"with the blood?"
"5"
"A. bone marrow"
"B. kidneys"
"C. spleen"
"D. pancreas"
"E. liver"
"D"
"8"
"White blood cells, red blood cells,"
"and platelets are produced in the"
"bone marrow.  The kidney stimulates"
"blood production and regulates the"
"amount of fluid in the blood.  The"
"liver and spleen act to clean up"
"the blood by removing old cells and"
"impurities."
"6"
"Blood is composed of a fluid called"
"plasma, and cells, most of which are"
"red blood cells.  The red blood cells"
"carry oxygen.  How much of the blood"
"is cells (compared to the total"
"volume)?"
"4"
"A. normally 20%"
"B. normally 40%"
"C. normally 60%"
"D. normally 80%"
"B"
"7"
"The portion of blood which is cells"
"is called the hematocrit.  It's"
"usually 40 to 48.  In other words, if"
"you separate red cells from plasma,"
"you'd find that 40 to 48 percent"
"of the blood was made up of red"
"blood cells."
"4"
"As used, oxygen-poor blood comes"
"back from the body via the superior"
"and inferior vena cava, it enters"
"a heart chamber called the:"
"4"
"A. right atrium"
"B. right ventricle"
"C. left atrium"
"D. left ventricle"
"A"
"5"
"The right atrium is a receiving"
"chamber which gets 'used' blood from"
"the body.  From there it goes over"
"the tricuspid valve into the right"
"ventricle."
"2"
"Where does blood go as it is pumped"
"out of the right ventricle?"
"4"
"A. through the aorta to the lungs"
"B. into the right atrium"
"C. into the pulmonary artery"
"D. out to the body"
"C"
"10"
"This is a tricky question.  The blood"
"from the right ventricle DOES go to"
"the lungs, but it is pumped through"
"the PULMONARY artery.  The right side"
"of the heart gets oxygen-poor blood"
"from the body, stores it in the"
"right atrium, stuffs it into the"
"right ventricle, which pumps it via"
"the pulmonary artery into the lungs,"
"where it will pick up oxygen."
"7"
"The pulmonary veins take oxygen-rich"
"blood from the lungs to the left"
"atrium.  The left atrium contracts,"
"pushing blood across the mitral"
"Valve into the left ventricle.  The"
"left ventricle pumps blood out into"
"the:"
"3"
"A. pulmonary artery"
"B. carotid artery"
"C. aorta"
"C"
"4"
"The left ventricle, the strongest"
"chamber of the heart, pumps blood out"
"to the body through a large, arching"
"artery called the aorta."
"2"
"The heart can be regarded as all"
"of the following EXCEPT:"
"5"
"A. a muscle"
"B. a self-charging and discharging"
"   battery"
"C. a pump"
"D. an endocrine organ"
"D"
"8"
"The heart is composed of special"
"muscle fibers which pump blood when"
"they contract.  Certain fibers in"
"the heart start an electric shock,"
"causing the cardiac muscle fibers to"
"contract.  After contracting, the"
"heart fibers 'recharge' electrically"
"for the next contraction."
"5"
"In the carotid arteries in the neck,"
"there are nerves which determine if"
"the blood pressure is too high or too"
"low.  The right amount of pressure"
"on the blood is necessary because:"
"10"
"A. there has to be enough pressure to"
"   fill up the heart."
"B. if the pressure is too low, blood"
"   vessels may burst and bleed in the"
"   brain, causing a stroke."
"C. the pressure should be just enough"
"   to push the blood through the"
"   capillaries."
"D. a high blood pressure doesn't get"
"   enough blood to the brain."
"C"
"8"
"Nerves affect the heart and the blood"
"vessels to keep the blood pressure"
"in the right range.  If the pressure"
"is too low, the blood moves poorly"
"through the capillaries, 'starving'"
"the cells of oxygen.  If the pressure"
"is too high, arteries may be damaged,"
"causing a stroke."
"2"
"The kidney affects the circulation"
"in all the following ways EXCEPT:"
"8"
"A. releases chemicals to raise blood"
"   pressure"
"B. removes old or damaged blood cells"
"C. removes dissolved wastes and"
"   impurities"
"D. stimulates new blood production"
"E. regulates the water content of"
"   the blood"
"B"
"11"
"The kidney monitors the concentration"
"of the blood, removing water or"
"holding back water when required."
"When blood flow to the kidney slows,"
"it releases hormones which raise the"
"blood pressure.  It also releases"
"hormones which stimulate blood cell"
"production.  Wastes pass through the"
"kidney into the urine.  It does not,"
"however, remove old blood cells--the"
"liver and spleen do that."
"8"
"Red blood cells carry oxygen.  White"
"blood cells also circulate in the"
"blood, although there are much fewer"
"of them.  They react to things they"
"find which are 'foreign' to the body,"
"such as bacteria.  There are several"
"types of white blood cell.  Which of"
"these is NOT a white blood cell?"
"5"
"A. thrombocyte"
"B. lymphocyte"
"C. eosinophil"
"D. monocyte"
"E. polymorphonuclear leukocyte"
"A"
"6"
"'Thrombocyte' is another name for"
"platelets, the body's clotting cells."
"These cells activate when tissue is"
"damaged, sticking to the surface."
"They release chemicals which make the"
"blood around them clot."
"6"
"Arteries are large, muscular blood"
"vessels which take blood away from"
"the heart under pressure.  Veins are"
"weak, thin-walled vessels which"
"return blood to the heart.  In"
"between arteries and veins are:"
"6"
"A. arteriovenous fistulae, capillary,"
"   venule"
"B. arteriole, hemangioma, venous"
"   sinus"
"C. arteriole, capillary, venule"
"D. sinusoid, capillary, hemangioma"
"C"
"7"
"Arteries branch off into arterioles."
"The smallest vessel, the one that"
"the cells get their oxygen and"
"nutrients from, is called the"
"capillary.  As capillaries collect"
"into small vessels, these are called"
"venules."
"1"
"The systolic blood pressure is:"
"6"
"A. normally below 90 mm Hg"
"B. the average pressure in the blood"
"   vessels"
"C. the arterial pressure while the"
"   heart is contracting"
"D. normally above 140 mm Hg"
"C"
"7"
"When the heart is contracting, this"
"is called SYSTOLE.  The systolic"
"blood pressure, therefore, is the"
"pressure measured during the heart's"
"contraction.  It averages around"
"120 mm Hg, and is considered too high"
"if it's above 140 mm Hg."
"2"
"A diastolic blood pressure which is"
"below 90 mm Hg indicates:"
"5"
"A. a normal reading, unless below 60"
"   mm Hg"
"B. shock"
"C. no cardiac pathology"
"D. hypotension"
"A"
"9"
"The diastolic blood pressure is the"
"pressure measured between the heart's"
"contractions.  This pressure keeps"
"blood moving forward through the"
"capillaries even while the heart is"
"resting.  A reading above 90 means"
"hypertension (high blood pressure),"
"while a reading below 60 usually"
"means hypotension or shock."
"4"
"When the blood pressure is too low"
"to adequately bring nutrients to the"
"cells, we call it 'shock'.  The most"
"common cause of shock is:"
"4"
"A. severe heart damage (heart attack)"
"B. allergic reactions"
"C. emotional reactions"
"D. blood loss"
"D"
"7"
"The most common cause of low blood"
"pressure is loss of blood volume"
"through bleeding from an injury,"
"or from internal bleeding.  It's"
"treated initially by giving fluids"
"and/or blood to replace the lost"
"volume."
"2"
"The first reaction of the body to"
"significant blood volume loss is:"
"7"
"A. sweating and slowing of the pulse"
"B. constricting blood vessels and"
"   speeding the pulse"
"C. dilating blood vessels and"
"   speeding the pulse"
"D. sweating, lightheadedness, and"
"   dilated skin blood vessels"
"B"
"9"
"The body attempts to 'defend' the"
"right range of blood pressure.  When"
"blood or fluids are lost from the"
"blood stream, the body tries to"
"compensate.  The blood vessels are"
"constricted, making a smaller space"
"for the smaller blood volume, and the"
"heart tries to pump harder and"
"faster."
"99"